Contemporary Issues Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Contemporary Issues - Essay Example It is, therefore, the engineers’ prerogative to offer this protection. The education bar needs to be raised to ensure all those who qualify are up to the task of offering their services to the world (Osif, 2006). This paper will review some of the contemporary issues they face, and their possible solutions. There are many issues that face the civil engineering fraternity. One of the issues they face today is the lack of investment. The fraternity faces a particularly immense problem with lack of investment that they cannot conduct business as usual. Every engineer is aware of the dangers and consequences of poor structures. They have to face the burden of proving their innocence when it comes to disasters concerning their structures. It is a risky investment, thus; not many individuals are willing to invest in this field (Hansen & Zenobia, 2011). Organizations prefer to play it safe. The need to invest in a risky business is usually not appealing to anyone. Even in the past, the need to have structures built in order to connect people and the world was downplayed by lack of capital (Hansen & Zenobia, 2011). It played a frighteningly crucial role in preventing the creation of exceptional structures for a long time. When infrastructure over the years does not get the recognition, they tend to have a negative impact on society. This presents a problem to everyone in today’s modern society. Society evolves on a daily basis. Many individuals do not want their society to be depleted of all its natural beauty. Civil engineers need to realise this and strive to be â€Å"sustainers†, not just builders or designers. This is another problem or challenge they face. They need to shape society to accept the new, innovative way in which the world is changing (Hansen & Zenobia, 2011). The world should be ready and willing to invest in some of the civil engineering projects. This can prevent some of the problems that face the fraternity. Capital is

Introduction to Terrorism Essay Example for Free

Introduction to Terrorism Essay The paper would analyze the definitions for terrorism proposed by some authors deeply along with criticizing them and proposing a global definition of terrorism. Secondly, â€Å"the concept of ‘just war theory’ would also be evaluated by highlighting its limitations. And finally, just war theory concept would be applied on the recent military action in Afghanistan, whether it fits the scenario or not. Answer -1 There are hundreds of definitions of terrorism defined by many authors, journalists, and politicians. But the problem is that the idea or concept of what terrorism actually is, is vague and not perceived globally as a single concept. The definition proposed by Lawless revolves around three key words; violence political purpose, and non-state actor. It goes this way, â€Å"the unlawful threat or act of violence committed for a political purpose by a non-state actor† (Lawless, 2007). This definition seems to be quite rigid and inflexible because it says that terrorism happens only because of political purposes by the non-state actors. In fact, terrorism does not always take place due to political purposes; for instance, these days, countries themselves want to get rid of terrorism that is overwhelming them and worsening their relationships with other countries. There is no doubt that non-state actors are mostly involved in terrorism, but they usually do so for purposes such as, smuggling, harassing the legal authorities who try to resist them, and certain mafias or groups who want to take revenge of any injustice done to them before or being done. Secondly, the definition does not highlight the idea about the innocent people or victims. Terrorism for political purposes means that riots or revenges are taken for their own sake, purpose, and benefit. The global definition that I propose is that ‘any unlawful or illegal act done to hurt, damage, or overwhelm the party who is innocent and was not involved in any conspiracy or threatening act against the party who is hurting them’. See more: introduction paragraph example Answer – 2 Just war theory proposes the idea that lies between permissivism and pacifism. Permissivism suggests using arms as many as wanted and as the way the armed forces want to; whereas, pacifism says not to use arms against civilians or innocent people but to kill those who deserve to be killed. Therefore, just war theory says that war must be fought when it is fair or when there is a reason to be fought with the enemies or for a legitimate cause (Wilson, 2006). There are certain limitations of this theory such as, it does not define what a ‘legitimate’ cause actually is and when is it just or fair to attack the enemy (mtholyoke.edu, n.d). Therefore, countries or parties always think of their own interest and consider their cause as a legitimate one and considerable to attack the enemy, even they may be wrong at their side. Moreover, not killing civilians is just a saying; armed forces often kill and harass the civilians such as, kidnapping them, and smuggling them, etc. So, f rom here, the desire to take revenge arises in the other party and the issue never resolves, in fact it goes on. I think the idea of just war theory must be reconceptualized. Answer – 3 The recent military action against Afghanistan does not fit on the concept of just war theory because the American started the raid against them without having solid evidence against them. Moreover, they did not only killed the Afghan terrorists, but also took lives of thousands of innocent people including children, women, and aged ones. They brutally destroyed their houses, properties, lands, lives, and everything.

Domination of the Innocent Female in Eliza Fenwick’s Secresy :: Essays Papers

Domination of the Innocent Female in Eliza Fenwick’s Secresy Eliza Fenwick’s novel Secresy portrays the image of an innocent female that is kept locked up and out of the social world; the problems that arise when this innocent female attempts to break out of this social location reveals the major oppression of the female society in the late 18th century. Females are kept in their own social sphere through oppression by males, and when secluded females enter into male spheres they cannot endure this change and end up severely damaged or dead. Eliza Fenwick’s Secresy shows the seclusion, oppression, escape, and death of Sibella, the innocent female. Eliza Fenwick’s Secresy clearly shows a seclusion of the innocent female, Sibella. Sibella’s seclusion from society is a prevalent theme in late eighteenth century literature; a theme of â€Å"public men† and â€Å"private women† (Stafford 138). The idea is that men are expected to be part of more social locations than the domestic and controllable women. Many â€Å"proper† female writers at the time felt that women should not be a part of a â€Å"worldly† society as Wakefield firmly stated â€Å"it is inadmissible for women to mix in the public haunts of men,† and women should not risk their â€Å"delicacy, reserve, and moral purity† by venturing into a â€Å"worldly† society (Stafford 139). Women should not be a part of this male society and the only â€Å"safe place† for young women is â€Å"domestic privacy†; secluding themselves from the haunts of the â€Å"worldly† society and protecting themse lves from the faults of â€Å"public† men (Stafford 139). Sibella is fully secluded from society; she has very little outside contact and is almost a pure example of â€Å"domestic privacy.† Not having a â€Å"worldly† education, Sibella is kept in seclusion and does not understand social workings; she therefore relies on her only friend to reveal the workings of the world to her. Caroline Ashburn is Sibella’s only friend and is fully exposed to a â€Å"worldly† society from the beginnings of her life; therefore, she is not innocent in the sense of Sibella’s location and can deal with the male society. Caroline reveals the world to Sibella and exposes Sibella to her own oppression by the dominant male figures in her life. The revelation of Sibella’s oppression to herself begins a process of rebellion against her oppressors in an effort to enjoy a â€Å"worldly† society. Sibella is considered irrational by her oppressor, her Uncle Valmont.

Nuclear Power Plants :: essays research papers

Nuclear Plants   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The question of whether the U.S. should have nuclear power plants is very controversial. There are two sides that one can take; however, both sides have their own share of problems. If you chose to not have nuclear plants, then eventually all natural resources will run out. The oil supply will run out relatively soon, and all other sources will run out too. The natural resources that we have now are still harmful to the earth however. The gas which we use for our cars pollutes the air and considering the amount of cars the are driven each day, it is ripping apart the o-zone layer. However, if the U.S. does decide to use nuclear plants, then there is a great danger of toxic waste invading our rivers, and also the chance of a spill similar to Chernobyl. As we saw in the Chernobyl video, there is great danger when using nuclear energy. If this were to happen is the United States, the risk of mortality is much higher because the area’s in which there would be a plant such as a big city are very densely populated. Because of these facts, I do not think that the U.S. should renew its efforts to develop more nuclear plants.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The United States should put the money which they would have used in order to renew their power plants, and use it to research others ways of receiving power. For example, if the U.S. developed solar power more and made it less costly, as well are more convenient for the average person, then there would be no more problems. In the past century many advances have been made in terms of energy. Power plants became the main source of energy, and towards the end of the century, new advances have been made such as solar power. I predict that in the upcoming century, many new advances will be made which will benefit the human race enormously.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  If these advances are made, than the U.S. will not have to spend billions of dollars towards building plants but rather use the money for more global issues.

Role of Stakeholder Paper

Role of Stakeholder Paper Jasmine Zeno MGT/420 November 1, 2012 Dr. Allen Timmons Role of Stakeholder Paper Introduction The purpose of this paper is to identify who are the stakeholders in an organization and the importance they play within an organization. First I will identify what a stakeholder is and explain how important stakeholders are to the growth of the organization.Next I will explain how and identify the quality management process and how the stakeholders play an important role in the implementation quality management process. Finally I will conclude by using Federal Express as an example organization from our reading how they were able to involved different stakeholders within their organization to roll out a new process. Stakeholder and their importance with an Organization Stakeholder is someone who has an interest in the well being of the organization.A Stakeholder can be defined as a person, group, or organization that may have either a direct or indirect stake in a n organization and can be affected by the actions, objectives, and policies of the organization or have an effect on the actions, objectives and policies and organization may take (Business Dictionary, 2012). Stakeholders are essential to the growth of any organization because of the role each one of the stakeholders plays. Stakeholders can be internal; internal is someone who works for the organization who provides an important service for the organization.A stakeholder can also be external as well; external can be someone who invest money into the organization but is not involved in the day to day running of the organization. It is important to understand the roles and the influence that a stakeholder has in implementing a quality management process. For one to understand the importance a stakeholder plays in implementing the process one would have to understand and really what a stakeholder is and the role they play in the implementation of the quality management process. Quality management and its importanceThe culture of the organization plays an important part of the implementation in quality management process, and understanding how the stakeholder plays an important part in the implementation process is important. According to our reading the management processes that overarch and tie together the control and assurance activities make up quality management (S. Thomas Foster, 2007). It is important for an organization to have effective quality management. The reading states that a number of mangers, supervisors, and employees are all involved in quality management.Such as, planning for quality improvement, creating a quality organizational culture, providing training and retraining and providing leadership and support and the list goes on (S. Thomas Foster, 2007). Federal Express management evaluation system Federal Express doors open in 1973; there were eight small aircrafts at that time to handle the workload. Now today Federal Express is one of the w orld’s largest cargo fleet. FedEx’s philosophy guide management policies and actions were â€Å"People-Service-Profit (S. Thomas Foster, 2007). FedEx integrate all levels when implementing a policies within in their organization.Let’s take for example FedEx management evaluation system called SFA (survey, feedback, action) that involved a survey of employees, analysis of each group’s results by the work group’s manager, and a discussion between the manager and the work group to develop written action plans for the manager to improve and become more effective (S. Thomas Foster, 2007). Conclusion Stakeholders play an important role in the implementation and the affect that each one of the stakeholders has all depends on the type of control they have as a stakeholder.For the implementation to be successful it is important to know who the stakeholders are and each one of their needs. Stakeholder’s roles within the organization are vital to the growth and the successes of the organization. Involving stakeholders in the implementation in any process within the organization has proven to be a right decision.References S. Thomas Foster. (2007). Managing Quality. Integrating the Supply Chain. Retrieved from S. Thomas Foster, MGT/420 website. Stakeholder. (2012). In Business Dictionary. Retrieved from http://www. businessdictionary. com/definition/stakeholder. html

environment relationships using The Light in the Forest by Conrad Richter as a vehicle

essay exploring indian/environment relationships using The Light in the Forest by Conrad Richter as a vehicle Section 1The plot in the story starts with True Son, a white boy who was raised by Indianssince he was four years old. A Native American family raised him as their own when theirson had died and True son was taken as prisoner. True Son's Indian parents said wordsthat made him an Indian. True Son considered this to be his life, and these people to behis family.One day when he was 15, he was told by his father that a new law was passed andbecause he was white, he had to go back and live with his real family. Then True Son isescorted by white soldiers back to the place where his parents live. His cousin and bestfriend Half Arrow accompanies him on part of this journey.True Son is reluctant to go and hates his white family. They force him to wear theirclothes, speak their language and interact with other whites daily.Gordie Howe's star on Canada's Walk of FameThe only white personhe likes is Gordie, his younger brother. Gordie is the only one who tries to understandTrue Son, he's also th e only one to call him True Son instead of John Butler, his realname.Once while he was living with his white family he tried to escape. When Gordiebegged to go too, True Son brought him too. But Before they could get very far, they werecaught. A while later, True Son became ill and did not seem to get better with themedicines that the Whites had. One night Gordie told True son that some Indians hadbeen seen in the town. Once he was left alone in his room, True Son put on his Indianclothes and went out the window to meet his people.He finds Half Arrow...

Free Essays on Vietnam Antiwar Movements

Vietnam Antiwar Movements The antiwar movement against Vietnam in the United States from 1965- 1971 was the most significant movement of its kind in the nation’s history. Prominent senators had already begun criticizing American involvement in Vietnam during the summer of 1964, which led to the mass antiwar movement that was to come in the summer of 1965 (DeBenedetti, 106). This antiwar movement had a great impact on policy and practically forced the US out of Vietnam. One antiwar tactic that often took place were teach- ins. They started during the spring of 1965 when the massive antiwar efforts centered on the colleges. These teach- ins were mass public demonstrations, usually held in the spring and fall seasons on college campuses (Wells, 24). The first one began at the University of Michigan on March 24, 1965, and rapidly spread to other campuses (Wells, 24). These protests at some of America’s finest universities captured public attention. The scattered teach- ins had become more of a problem for President Johnson when their organizers joined an unofficial group called the Inter- University Committee for a Public Hearing on Vietnam. The new committee began planning a nationwide teach- in to be conducted on television and radio between protesters and administrators of the government (Wells, 30- 31). This contributed to the resignations of many government officials, including McGeorge Bundy in 1966 (Wells, 71). The teach- in movement was at first, a gentle approach to the antiwar activity. Although it faded when the college students went home during the summer of 1965, other types of protests grew through 1971 and replaced it. All of these movements captured the attention of the White House, especially when 25,000 people marched on Washington Avenue (Wells, 25). The march was organized by a group called the New Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam. It was a broad coaliti... Free Essays on Vietnam Antiwar Movements Free Essays on Vietnam Antiwar Movements Vietnam Antiwar Movements The antiwar movement against Vietnam in the United States from 1965- 1971 was the most significant movement of its kind in the nation’s history. Prominent senators had already begun criticizing American involvement in Vietnam during the summer of 1964, which led to the mass antiwar movement that was to come in the summer of 1965 (DeBenedetti, 106). This antiwar movement had a great impact on policy and practically forced the US out of Vietnam. One antiwar tactic that often took place were teach- ins. They started during the spring of 1965 when the massive antiwar efforts centered on the colleges. These teach- ins were mass public demonstrations, usually held in the spring and fall seasons on college campuses (Wells, 24). The first one began at the University of Michigan on March 24, 1965, and rapidly spread to other campuses (Wells, 24). These protests at some of America’s finest universities captured public attention. The scattered teach- ins had become more of a problem for President Johnson when their organizers joined an unofficial group called the Inter- University Committee for a Public Hearing on Vietnam. The new committee began planning a nationwide teach- in to be conducted on television and radio between protesters and administrators of the government (Wells, 30- 31). This contributed to the resignations of many government officials, including McGeorge Bundy in 1966 (Wells, 71). The teach- in movement was at first, a gentle approach to the antiwar activity. Although it faded when the college students went home during the summer of 1965, other types of protests grew through 1971 and replaced it. All of these movements captured the attention of the White House, especially when 25,000 people marched on Washington Avenue (Wells, 25). The march was organized by a group called the New Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam. It was a broad coaliti... Free Essays on Vietnam Antiwar Movements Vietnam Antiwar Movements The antiwar movement against Vietnam in the United States from 1965- 1971 was the most significant movement of its kind in the nation’s history. Prominent senators had already begun criticizing American involvement in Vietnam during the summer of 1964, which led to the mass antiwar movement that was to come in the summer of 1965 (DeBenedetti, 106). This antiwar movement had a great impact on policy and practically forced the US out of Vietnam. One antiwar tactic that often took place were teach- ins. They started during the spring of 1965 when the massive antiwar efforts centered on the colleges. These teach- ins were mass public demonstrations, usually held in the spring and fall seasons on college campuses (Wells, 24). The first one began at the University of Michigan on March 24, 1965, and rapidly spread to other campuses (Wells, 24). These protests at some of America’s finest universities captured public attention. The scattered teach- ins had become more of a problem for President Johnson when their organizers joined an unofficial group called the Inter- University Committee for a Public Hearing on Vietnam. The new committee began planning a nationwide teach- in to be conducted on television and radio between protesters and administrators of the government (Wells, 30- 31). This contributed to the resignations of many government officials, including McGeorge Bundy in 1966 (Wells, 71). The teach- in movement was at first, a gentle approach to the antiwar activity. Although it faded when the college students went home during the summer of 1965, other types of protests grew through 1971 and replaced it. All of these movements captured the attention of the White House, especially when 25,000 people marched on Washington Avenue (Wells, 25). The march was organized by a group called the New Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam. It was a broad coaliti... Free Essays on Vietnam Antiwar Movements Vietnam Antiwar Movements The antiwar movement against Vietnam in the United States from 1965- 1971 was the most significant movement of its kind in the nation’s history. Prominent senators had already begun criticizing American involvement in Vietnam during the summer of 1964, which led to the mass antiwar movement that was to come in the summer of 1965 (DeBenedetti, 106). This antiwar movement had a great impact on policy and practically forced the US out of Vietnam. One antiwar tactic that often took place were teach- ins. They started during the spring of 1965 when the massive antiwar efforts centered on the colleges. These teach- ins were mass public demonstrations, usually held in the spring and fall seasons on college campuses (Wells, 24). The first one began at the University of Michigan on March 24, 1965, and rapidly spread to other campuses (Wells, 24). These protests at some of America’s finest universities captured public attention. The scattered teach- ins had become more of a problem for President Johnson when their organizers joined an unofficial group called the Inter- University Committee for a Public Hearing on Vietnam. The new committee began planning a nationwide teach- in to be conducted on television and radio between protesters and administrators of the government (Wells, 30- 31). This contributed to the resignations of many government officials, including McGeorge Bundy in 1966 (Wells, 71). The teach- in movement was at first, a gentle approach to the antiwar activity. Although it faded when the college students went home during the summer of 1965, other types of protests grew through 1971 and replaced it. All of these movements captured the attention of the White House, especially when 25,000 people marched on Washington Avenue (Wells, 25). The march was organized by a group called the New Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam. It was a broad coaliti...

Last Name Meaning and Origin of Moore

Last Name Meaning and Origin of Moore Moore is a common surname in many countries, with several possible origins: One who lived at or near a moor or marshy bog, from the Middle English more (Old English mor), meaning moor, marsh, or fenFrom the Old French more, derived from the Latin maurus, a term that originally denoted a native of northwestern Africa but came to be used informally as a nickname for someone who was dark-complexioned or swarthy.From the Gaelic OMordha, with O meaning descendant of and  Mordha derived from Mor  meaning great, chief, mighty, or proud.In Wales and Scotland, the name Moore was often bestowed as a nickname for a big or large man, from the Gaelic mor or the Welsh mowr, both meaning great. Moore is the 16th most common surname in America, the 33rd most common last name in England, and the 87th most common surname in Scotland. Surname Origin:  English, Irish, Welsh, Scottish Alternate Surname Spellings:  MORES, MORE, MOARS, MOOR, MOAR, MOORER, MUIR Famous People With the Surname Demi Moore - American actressClement C. Moore - author of A Visit from St. NicholasAnn Moore - Inventor of the Snugli baby carrierMandy Moore - pop singer and actressGordon Moore - co-founder of Intel which introduced the worlds first single-chip microprocessor Where Is the Surname Most Commonly Found? The Moore surname is most commonly found today in Northern Ireland, according to WorldNames PublicProfiler, followed closely by the United States, Australia, United Kingdom, and New Zealand. Within Northern Ireland, the Moore surname is found in greatest numbers in Londonderry. Within the United States, Moore is found most frequently in the southern states, including Mississippi, North Carolina, Alabama, Tennessee, Arkansas, South Carolina, and Kentucky. Forebears rank Moore as the 455th most common surname in the world and includes historical data from 1901 when Moore was more frequent in the Northern Ireland counties of Antrim (7th most popular surname), although followed fairly closely by Down (ranked 14th) and Londonderry (ranked 11th). During the period 1881–1901, Moore also ranked highly in Isle of Man  (4th), Norfolk (6th), Leicestershire (8th), Queens County (11th), and Kildare (11th). Genealogy Resources for the Surname Moore Genealogy - Western NC, SC, and North GAA site documenting Moores living in Western North Carolina, Upper West South Carolina, and North Georgia through ca 1850. Moore Family Genealogy ForumSearch this popular genealogy forum for the Moore surname to find others who might be researching your ancestors, or post your own Moore query. Source: Cottle, Basil. Penguin Dictionary of Surnames. Baltimore, MD: Penguin Books, 1967. Menk, Lars. A Dictionary of German Jewish Surnames. Avotaynu, 2005. Beider, Alexander. A Dictionary of Jewish Surnames from Galicia. Avotaynu, 2004. Hanks, Patrick, and Flavia Hodges. A Dictionary of Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1989. Hanks, Patrick. Dictionary of American Family Names. Oxford University Press, 2003. Smith, Elsdon C. American Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 1997.

The Republic of Zakville (Jurisprudence) Case Study

The Republic of Zakville (Jurisprudence) - Case Study Example Each year thousands of Chinese citizens are put to death for petty offences. Many are carried out in secret and thus go unreported. Exactly what criteria nations like these employ to deal out this kind of punishment is a question that compels the investigation of different kinds of laws that operate on a society. This is jurisprudence - the theory and philosophy of law. The study aims to appreciate the elementary nature of law and examine its rationale, organization, and relevance. Viewed practically, studying law and how it functions can help find ways to improve society. Irrational laws can be attacked as being contrary to natural law and morally unjust. Together, natural laws and positive laws form the scope of jurisprudence. The word jurisprudence derives from the Latin term juris prudentia, which means "the study, knowledge, or science of law (Tyler)." It is also called the philosophy of law and there are four common aspects in legal philosophy. Jurisprudence theory can also be classified into two types of analysis: One is analytic jurisprudence which studies laws "as is". The other is normative jurisprudence which studies law that "ought to be" Analytic jurisprudence is using an unbiased view point and evocative language when discussing various aspects of the legal system. The law is viewed "as is" and considered only as it exists. Some important questions of analytic jurisprudence are: What is law What is a legal system What is the relationship between law and morality Do all societies have a legal system How should concepts like legal rights and obligations be understood Normative jurisprudence discusses what law ought to be. Also questions of morality and what values are important are looked into. Some important questions of normative jurisprudence are: What is the proper function of law What kind of criminal behavior deserves punishment and what are the permissible types of punishment What rights do people have and what is justice Does society have a duty to obey the law and what value does the rule of law have In the case of animal rights activist Miss Edwin, a trial held in secret directly contravenes general moral human laws. A fair trial one in which both sides of the case is heard by an impartial judge and jury is commonplace in many nations. Such a trial gives the defendant a chance to prove his or her innocence and reduces the chance of sending an innocent person to jail or suffer capital punishment. In the UK, the law clearly states that the accused are deemed innocent until proven guilty. This is not a law of nature

Religion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Religion - Essay Example he Sealing of the Servants of God who are the 144,000 and the multitude; chapters 8 and 9 is about the Altar and Prayers, the Trumpets, and the Woes; chapter 10 is about the Mighty Angel and the open sweet bitter Book; chapter 11 discusses The Temple and the Two Witnesses; chapter 12 is about the Woman and the Dragon, the Church, and the 7 battles lost by Satan; chapter 13 is about the Two Beasts from sea and earth and the Antichrist; chapter 14 speaks of the Triumph of Christ with the 144,000, the Condemned and the Harvest; chapter 15 is about the Victorious, the Victory over the Beast; chapter 16 is about the 7 Last Plagues (or 7 Bowls, 7 Cups, 7 Vials); chapter 17 talks of the Woman on the Beast and Babylon, the Great Harlot; chapter 18 talks of the Doomed City, Babylons complete fall; chapter 19 deals with Armageddon, the King of kings on the white horse, the quadruple Alleluia and the Marriage Supper of the Lamb; chapter 20 discusses the Millennium and the Great White Throne Jud gment; chapter 21 deals with the New Jerusalem and the New heaven and New Earth; and chapter 22 talks of the New Jerusalem and the River of Life (Dominguez 2006). Bible scholars have different interpretations of the Book of Revelations. Some say it is a description of the difficult times that the Israelites were going through during the Old Testament and ends with the birth of Christ. On the other hand, some scholars say it is about the journey that the New Testament Christians are going through beginning with Christ’s birth until His final return to take the believers with Him. What ever is the standpoint of these Bible scholars, the fact remains that as seen through the themes of each chapter of the Book of Revelation there is a pattern of a flow of events from dark to light. The dark times represent the difficult times and the light is the hope that finally someday all these trials will come to an end and that happiness will at last be attained for â€Å"He will wipe every tear

Marketing report for mercedes benz Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Marketing report for mercedes benz - Assignment Example With the increase of market size of luxury car segments, Mercedes Benz has increased their profit margin across the world. But tough tariff regulations and high input cost of the raw materials have led to increase in price of the cars. It is true that the organization is considered as one of the leading organizations within the luxurious automobile industry. Mercedes Benz needs to revise its marketing plan and objectives as the market demand is changing at a rapid pace. Introduction of fuel efficient cars in reasonable price will help the organization to develop potential client base. The organization mainly focuses on urban market. The organization cannot increase its business network all over a specific country if the organization does not increase its supply chain network. Introduction Mercedes-Benz is a German automobile manufacturer company. In the fall of 1998, Mercedes-Benz and Chrysler merged forming Daimler-Chrysler AG. This made Daimler-Chrysler the world’s third lar gest car manufacturer in terms of sales. Daimler-Chrysler is best known for making luxury sedans. The company also manufacture commercial vehicles, aerospace products and sports utility vehicles. Today Mercedes-Benz USA is a wholly owned subsidiary of Daimler-AG. Presently Mercedes-Benz has their headquartered in Stuttgart, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany. Mercedes-Benz cars were first sold in United States in the 1950s.These cars were mainly known as a symbol of status for high class consumers (Mercedes-Benz. 2013). Vision Statement The vision of the company is to become the number one in quality, Image and Profitability in the Automotive Sector (Mercedes-Benz, 2012) Mission Statement The mission statement of Mercedes Benz is to delight their customers in everything the company does. The company also want to make a continuous improvement in their Quality Management System and in their business processes. It follows an open minded corporate culture in their company where the employees wi ll work in a team oriented approach and the company will have to accept their responsibility and perform to their optimum level. The company want to improve their quality of products and services. Another mission of Mercedes Benz is to be aware of the external environment and act accordingly. The company must maintain a professional relationship with their business partners who will help them in increasing more revenues and creating strong corporate connection worldwide (Mercedes-Benz, 2012). Goal The Goal of Mercedes Benz is to achieve a sustainable profitable growth and by doing that increase the value of the company. The company strive to achieve the leading position in their business through their operational excellence and efficiency. The company want to achieve this with the help of their high-performing and inspired set of employees. Another goal is to minimize the impact their cars have on the environment and climate. Their focus is to provide comfortable driving experience through alternative fuels (Daimler, 2011). Objective

Existentialist view on human nature Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Existentialist view on human nature - Essay Example For thousands of years, people have debated whether God exists, and most conclude that it cannot be proven. Karl Barth asserts that God â€Å"rules unconditionally and irresistibly in all occurrences. Nature is God’s servant, the instrument of his purposes. God controls, orders, and determines, for ‘nothing can be done except the will of God†. Aquinas argued that â€Å"God is impassible, unaffected by the world. Since God knows all events in advance and controls every detail, divine knowledge is unchanging and in, God there is no element of responsiveness†. In this context, an analysis of opinions expressed by different philosophers is paramount in understanding the analogy of self and being, and it is postulated that the correct answer lies in the area of abstract philosophy and the metaphysical. Existentialism is a philosophy that emphasizes the uniqueness and isolation of the individual experience in a hostile or indifferent universe, regards human exist ence as unexplainable, and stresses freedom of choice and responsibility for the consequences of one’s acts. Danish religious philosopher Soren Aabye Kierkegaard is considered as the founder of existentialism and is remembered for his critique of the systematic rational philosophy of Hegel on the ground that actual life cannot be contained within an abstract conceptual system. Kierkegaard rejected collective thinking, and insisted on the importance of the individuals and resisted the features of Hegel's tendency to mediate all oppositions and to hold out the prospect of complete understanding of god. Hegel maintained that true understanding can only be attained if one has a comprehension of 'The Absolute', and for Hegel the whole of human history and intellect constitutes a progressive self-realization of this Absolute spirit that takes place through 'dialectic.' (Stevenson, 1987, p.54). He believed that to an extent the mind has not completed its journey toward the absolute, the individual experience alienation, and a strong sense of awareness is essential to accomplish this goal. Hegel's emphasis on self-awareness in establishing self-realization is strongly reflected in existential philosophy. Marx also adopted the concept of alienation into his thinking, but maintained that such self-estrangement is a product of economic and social factors, and not of a metaphysical relationship. Rene Descartes assumed a dichotomy between thinking substance and extended substance, the ghost in the machine, and faced the problem of how we can have valid knowledge of objects if the only basis for knowledge is intuitive individual self-consciousness. Martin Heidegger believed that the individual and the world are inseparable, and postulated that 'to be' involves existing, and existing involves constant and dynamic change. Although one has no choice regarding some of the circumstances he lives in, these factors determine the context in which one exercises one's freedom and defines his/her existence. The position of the German philosopher Immanuel Kant, that the physical world did not transcend consciousness, or of objective or absolute idealism, that the world was an aspect of an absolute min d, has

Asias Slowdown and British Consumers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Asias Slowdown and British Consumers - Essay Example Table 1 below shows China’s trade balance for the gap difference of ten years; 2001-2011 (Techau 2014) Obviously, for the strategy to work, the lifestyle for people in Asia has to increase in quality prompting them to adapt to the economic changes; however, the current position of states such as China and Hong Kong makes it hard for this to happen, as it requires them to fail in some of the leading ventures (Knight 2013). Largely, if Asia experienced bankruptcy, especially in countries such as China, it is a prediction that the whole world would feel the pinch, but some continents such as Europe would experience a blow. The idea that Asia has the ability to reduce the pace of development without affecting trade partners, foreign investors or even local companies is more of a fantasy because the recession is uncontrollable, as proved by past studies. The best tactic would be for China to initiate a long-term strategy that will prepare the possible victims as they look for other ways out of the situation; however, this would also require countries in Asia to liaise with the international policymakers. China seems to have a good idea, and one would think that this is going to be easy for them especially with the current economic status, but after evaluating the forecasts of the target growth rate with the current one, it requires more efforts (Pilkington 2014). Essentially, China aims at reducing its growth to slightly below 8%.

Existentialist view on human nature Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Existentialist view on human nature - Essay Example For thousands of years, people have debated whether God exists, and most conclude that it cannot be proven. Karl Barth asserts that God â€Å"rules unconditionally and irresistibly in all occurrences. Nature is God’s servant, the instrument of his purposes. God controls, orders, and determines, for ‘nothing can be done except the will of God†. Aquinas argued that â€Å"God is impassible, unaffected by the world. Since God knows all events in advance and controls every detail, divine knowledge is unchanging and in, God there is no element of responsiveness†. In this context, an analysis of opinions expressed by different philosophers is paramount in understanding the analogy of self and being, and it is postulated that the correct answer lies in the area of abstract philosophy and the metaphysical. Existentialism is a philosophy that emphasizes the uniqueness and isolation of the individual experience in a hostile or indifferent universe, regards human exist ence as unexplainable, and stresses freedom of choice and responsibility for the consequences of one’s acts. Danish religious philosopher Soren Aabye Kierkegaard is considered as the founder of existentialism and is remembered for his critique of the systematic rational philosophy of Hegel on the ground that actual life cannot be contained within an abstract conceptual system. Kierkegaard rejected collective thinking, and insisted on the importance of the individuals and resisted the features of Hegel's tendency to mediate all oppositions and to hold out the prospect of complete understanding of god. Hegel maintained that true understanding can only be attained if one has a comprehension of 'The Absolute', and for Hegel the whole of human history and intellect constitutes a progressive self-realization of this Absolute spirit that takes place through 'dialectic.' (Stevenson, 1987, p.54). He believed that to an extent the mind has not completed its journey toward the absolute, the individual experience alienation, and a strong sense of awareness is essential to accomplish this goal. Hegel's emphasis on self-awareness in establishing self-realization is strongly reflected in existential philosophy. Marx also adopted the concept of alienation into his thinking, but maintained that such self-estrangement is a product of economic and social factors, and not of a metaphysical relationship. Rene Descartes assumed a dichotomy between thinking substance and extended substance, the ghost in the machine, and faced the problem of how we can have valid knowledge of objects if the only basis for knowledge is intuitive individual self-consciousness. Martin Heidegger believed that the individual and the world are inseparable, and postulated that 'to be' involves existing, and existing involves constant and dynamic change. Although one has no choice regarding some of the circumstances he lives in, these factors determine the context in which one exercises one's freedom and defines his/her existence. The position of the German philosopher Immanuel Kant, that the physical world did not transcend consciousness, or of objective or absolute idealism, that the world was an aspect of an absolute min d, has

Teaching-learning critical incident checklist Essay

Teaching-learning critical incident checklist - Essay Example The learners should be able to learn various theories about certain concepts via observation. This is because observation enables a student to think critically about difficult concept manifested in form of a diagram or image Evaluation and analysis requires own intellectual exploration, which explains to readers what they may not see in a subject at first or second glance. A working thesis on the analysis is very imperative. The thesis will help in choosing at least three supporting points aiding the audience in understanding the text. I understand that there are different kinds of analyses that can be made on a document or text (Loui, 2005) Frequent reading can help one understand instructors in their professional teaching and assessments. Knowing how to summarize and analyze text is a good beginning to academic reading. The student aims at knowledge acquisition, comprehension, new vocabulary acquisition, argument development, information evaluation, and synthesis (DiRanna, 2008). The teacher should perform both formative and summative assessment of learners to gauge their level of understanding. Formative assessment occurs throughout the process of learning. It ensures that problems experienced by students are not piled up until the end of the learning period but are solved throughout the lessons. Summative assessment summarizes the progress and development of students over a particular period (Brookhart & Nikto, 2008). Through constant evaluation, students are able to be encouraged to perform better in future tests, despite poor current performance. However, not all will be motivated, most of them will be driven by the fact that they learn new things in the tests, and are challenged to remember the things taught previously by their teachers. Most of the students will also take summative assessments as a goal towards which they work to achieve (Pearson, 2002) The teacher needs to supervise learners so that they conform to the

Basic Control Mechanisms of Thermoregulatory Process in Livestock Essay Example for Free

Basic Control Mechanisms of Thermoregulatory Process in Livestock Essay Introduction Thermoregulation is the ability of an organism to keep its body temperature within certain boundaries, even when the surrounding temperature is very different (Wikipedia, 2012). Thermoregulation could also be referred to as the mechanisms and control systems used by the body to balance thermal inputs and thermal losses so as to maintain its core temperature nearly constant (Monique, 2002). This process is one aspect of homeostasis: a dynamic state of stability between an animals internal environment and its external environment (the study of such processes in zoology has been called ecophysiology or physiological ecology) (Wikipedia, 2012). If the body is unable to maintain a normal temperature and it increases significantly above normal, a condition known as hyperthermia occurs and any prolonged exposure (longer than a few hours) at this temperature without control mechanisms to bring it back to normal is tantamount to death of the animal. The opposite condition, when body temperature decreases below normal levels, is known as hypothermia. Most body heat is generated in the deep organs, especially the liver, brain, and heart, and in contraction of skeletal muscles (Guyton and Hall, 2006). Animals and humans have been able to adapt to a great diversity of climates, including hot humid and hot arid. High temperatures pose serious stresses for the animal body, placing it in great danger of injury or even death. For animals, adaptation to varying climatic conditions includes both physiological mechanisms as a byproduct of evolution, and the conscious development of cultural adaptations (Harrison et al., 1988; Weiss and Mann, 1985). There are four avenues of heat loss: convection, conduction, radiation, and evaporation (Wikipedia, 2012). If skin temperature is greater than that of the surroundings, the body can lose heat by radiation and conduction. But if the temperature of the surroundings is greater than that of the skin, the body actually gains heat by radiation and conduction. In such conditions, the only means by which the body can rid itself of heat is by evaporation. So when the surrounding temperature is higher than the skin temperature, anything that prevents adequate evaporation will cause the internal body temperature to rise (Guyton, 2006). During sports activities, evaporation becomes the main avenue of heat loss (Wilmore et al., 1999). Humidity affects thermoregulation by limiting sweat evaporation and thus heat loss (Guyton and Arthur, 1976). The skin assists in homeostasis (keeping different aspects of the body constant e.g. temperature). It does this by reacting differently to hot and cold conditions so that the inner body temperature remains more or less constant. Vasodilation and sweating are the primary modes by which humans attempt to lose excess body heat. The brain creates much heat through the countless reactions which occur. Even the process of thought creates heat. The head has a complex system of blood vessels, which keeps the brain from overheating by bringing blood to the thin skin on the head, allowing heat to escape. The effectiveness of these methods is influenced by the character of the climate and the degree to which the individual is acclimatized. Classification of Animals by Thermal Characteristics Based on thermal characteristics, animals could be classified into four broad groups: †¢ Endotherms: These are animals that create most of their heat via metabolic processes, and are colloquially referred to as warm-blooded. Most mammals and humans belong to this group. †¢ Ectotherms: These are animals that use external sources of temperature to regulate their body temperatures. They are colloquially referred to as coldblooded despite the fact that body temperatures often stay within the same temperature ranges as warm-blooded animals. Examples of animals that belong to this group are fish, amphibians and reptiles. †¢ Homeotherms: These are animals or organisms with stable body temperature which is independent of the temperature of the surrounding environment. Most endothermic organisms are homeothermic, like mammals. Although, fish are ectotherms because all of their heat comes from the surrounding water. However, most are homeotherms because their temperature is very stable. †¢ Poikiotherms: These are animals or organisms with variable body temperature. The body temperature varies according to the temperature of the surrounding environment. Animals with facultative endothermy are often poikilothermic, meaning their temperature can vary considerably. Examples of poikilotherms include amphibians, reptiles and fish. The Hypothalamus as a Thermoregulatory Centre Thermoregulation in both ectotherms and endotherms is controlled mainly by the preoptic area of the anterior hypothalamus (Romanovsky, 2007). In general, the posterior hypothalamus controls responses to cold, and the anterior hypothalamus controls responses to heat (Martha, 2010), hence, both serving as thermoregulatory centres. This area receives input from temperature receptors in the skin and mucous membranes (peripheral thermoreceptors) and from internal structures (central thermoreceptors), which include the hypothalamus itself (Dominika, 1998). The temperature sensory signals from the preoptic area and those from the periphery are combined in the posterior hypothalamus to control the heat producing and conserving reactions of the body. The hypothalamic thermostat works in conjunction with other hypothalamic, autonomic and higher nervous thermoregulatory centers to keep the core temperature constant. Some of these thermoregulatory responses are involuntary, mediated by the autonomic nervous system, some are neurohormonal and others are semi-voluntary or voluntary behavioral responses (Dominika, 1998). The brain receives signals regarding body temperature from the nerves in the skin and the blood. These signals go to the hypothalamus, which coordinates thermoregulation in the body. Both sets of information are needed so that the body can make appropriate adjustments. The thermoregulatory centre sends impulses to several different effectors to adjust body temperature. The signals from the hypothalamus control the sympathetic nervous system, which affects vasoconstriction, metabolism, shivering, sweating, and hormonal controls over temperature to bring the increased or decreased temperature back to normal (Wikipedia,2012) Figure 1: Schematic representation of the thermoregulatory centre role in thermoregulation (IHW, 2006) Feedback Control Mechanism for Thermoregulation in Hot Condition When the surroundings are hot or when the animal body is vigorously exercising, the following could be described as the summary of the feedback control system responsible for regulating the temperature back to normal: †¢ As the body core temperature starts to rise, the increase in temperature is detected by heat receptors in the body. †¢ †¢ These receptors send signals to the hypothermic thermostat. The thermostat inhibits the adrenergic activity of the sympathetic nervous system and stimulates the vasomotor system to dilate the capillaries underlying the skin. †¢ Arteriolar vasodilation occurs. The smooth muscle walls of the arterioles relax allowing increased blood flow through the artery. This redirects blood into the superficial capillaries in the skin increasing heat loss by convection, conduction and radiation. †¢ If the heat is sufficiently intense, the cholinergic sympathetic fibers, wh ich innervate sweat glands release ACh, stimulating sweat. †¢ The eccrine sweat glands under the skin secrete sweat (a fluid containing mostly water with some dissolved ions) which travels up the sweat duct, through the sweat pore and onto the surface of the skin. This causes heat loss via evaporative cooling; however, a lot of essential water is lost (Wikipedia, 2012). †¢ The hairs on the skin lay flat, preventing heat from being trapped by the layer of still air between the hairs. This is caused by tiny muscles under the surface of the skin called arrector pili muscles relaxing so that their attached hair follicles are not erect. These flat hairs increase the flow of air next to the skin increasing heat loss by convection. †¢ Behavioral responses to heat, such as lethargy, resting, lying down with limbs spread out or wallowing in pool of water or mud, decreases heat production and increases heat loss †¢ As the animal body gets cooler, the hypothalamic receptors detect this and diminish the heat loss prevention responses . †¢ The body core temperature returns to normal. It should be noted that most animals cant sweat efficiently. Cats and dogs have sweat glands only on the pads of their feet. Horses and humans are two of the few animals capable of sweating. Many animals pant rather than sweat because the lungs have a large surface area and are highly vascularised. Air is inhaled, cooling the surface of the lungs and is then exhaled losing heat and some water vapour. Figure 2: Schematic representation of thermoregulatory process in the body of an animal (IHW, 2006) Feedback Control Mechanism for Thermoregulation in Cold Condition When the surroundings are cold or when the animal body is resting, the following could be described as the summary of the feedback control system responsible for regulating the temperature back to normal: †¢ As the body core temperature starts to drop, this is detected by cold receptors in the body. †¢ These receptors send signals to both the hypothalamic thermostat and higher cortical centres in the CNS. †¢ The activation of the sympathetic centre results in several response which slow down the activity of the sweat glands. †¢ This lowers the production of sweat and it decreases the evaporation of sweat, which reduces heat loss by evaporation. †¢ The muscles under the surface of the skin called arrector pili muscles (attached to an individual hair follicle) contract (piloerection), lifting the hair follicle upright. This makes the hairs stand on end which acts as an insulating layer, trapping heat. †¢ The hypothalamus also signals the vasomotor system to constrict the capillaries underlying the skin. †¢ Arterioles carrying blood to superficial capillaries under the surface of the skin can shrink (constrict), thereby rerouting blood away from the skin and towards the warmer core of the body. This prevents blood from losing heat to the surroundings and also prevents the core temperature dropping further. This process is called vasoconstriction. It is impossible to prevent all heat loss from the blood, only to reduce it. In extremely cold conditions excessive vasoconstriction leads to numbness and pale skin. Frostbite only occurs when water within the cells begins to freeze, this destroys the cell causing damage (Wikipedia, 2012). This reduces heat loss by conduction, radiation, and convection. †¢ A Shivering Center in the hypothalamus is also activated which activates the brainstem motor centers to initiate involuntary contraction of skeletal muscles causing shivering. This increases heat production as respiration is an exothermic reaction in muscle cells. Shivering is more effective than exercise at producing heat because the animal remains still. This means that less heat is lost to the environment via convection. There are two types of shivering: low intensity and high intensity. During low intensity shivering animals shiver constantly at a low level for months during cold conditions. During high intensity shivering animals shiver violently for a relatively short time. Both processes consume energy although high intensity shivering uses glucose as a fuel source and low intensity tends to use fats. This is a primary reason why animals store up food in the winter (Wikipedia, 2012). †¢ There is also epinephrine secretion from adrenal medulla that increases thermogenesis.

Utilising Health Promotion Models

Utilising Health Promotion Models Health promotion is a new public health initiative which has been integrated into governmental strategies to improve health either within a family, a community, health institutions and work places. It refers to effort to prevent ill health and promote positive health with the aim of enabling people to take control over their own health (Wills, 2007). This essay primarily seeks to discuss how a health promotion model could be utilised by nurse practitioners to facilitate an empowerment within a family unit. Health action model (HAM) will be adapted to develop a means by which the said patients could be helped by the nurse practitioner. The essay begins with a general overview and literature about what health and health promotion is about, and then narrows the discussion down to the health promotion model which will be used to assess a patient named Jojo (See Appendix 1 for patient profile). The essay then concludes by evaluating the model used in assessing the patient and if any othe r model could be used to assess the patient or not. DEFINITION OF HEALTH According to the World Health Organisation (WHO)(1986), health is defined as a condition of complete social, physical and mental well being of a person and not purely the absence of disease or infirmity. This when elaborated could mean that both positive and negative aspects of well being and health, which stressed on social and mental aspects of health, though not just illness related. Waxman et al., ( 1998) even emphasised that physical , social and mental aspect of health are connected. There are several factors to determine health including social factors, gender, education, environment, biological factors and lifestyle. According to some scholars like Skolnik (2008) describes social factors as an essential factors that determine the health of individuals. Based on his view, there is a great difference between people of higher status to that of those of a lower status. This is because those with a higher status are well educated, well employed and earning a lot and also taking ca re of their health. This when compared to those with a lower status, it is the opposite of those with a higher status. For instance, someone on a low income may find it difficult to afford some of the necessary needed in order to live a normal life like keeping the house warm or replacement of faulty stuff in the house (Anderson and Blenkinsopp, 2001). Moreover, those who are better off do not buy form local shops at expensive prices but rather do travel for miles to bigger supermarkets to shop. This is because things sold at the supermarkets are of a cheaper price and of more quality than those in local shops. The other side of the story is that, the better off do not depend on public transports to travel for miles to shop whilst those on a low income always do so. So if the bus does not turn up, they have to go to these local shops to but their foodstuff (Anderson and Blenkinsopp, 2001). SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS The ideas of (Skolnik, 2008, Anderson and Blenkinsopp, 2001) can be supported by (Shi et al, 2008). Shi et al., (2008) suggest that socioeconomic also plays a significant role in peoples live. That is those who are well off tend to live in better houses and in locations where there is the risk of being exposed to air pollution is low, have better access to health care, avoid risk lifestyles such as smoking and drinking as well as using of drugs. Building on with their argument, it was proved that the correlation and status concerning the health of Americans who are less educated died younger than those highly educated as described by (Shi et al, 2008). In addition to this, those who are more educated tend to have much knowledge about their health as well as practising good health. That is, they are equipped with knowledge as well being in charge over their lives knowing what is and not good for them. This also helps them to have loads of information which will help them understand how to live a healthy life. For instance (Skolnik, 2008) said that a person who is well educated will adapt a good lifestyle in order to remain healthy such as having a well balance diet, having fewer children and smoke less as weigh against those who are less educated. ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS The environment also acts as an important factor that influences the health of people that includes a mixture of different factors altogether (Anderson and Blenkinsopp, 2001). Shi et al., (2008) argued that physical, socioeconomic, socio-political and sociocultural are what the environmental factors are made up of. For instance, physical environmental factors are important factors which influence health. This includes food, contaminated water, waste, air pollution, and habitat alteration that can cause different health problems. For example living in a smoky environment can cause respiratory illness such as asthma. The contribution of (Carter and Slack, 2009) described the interaction of a persons environment as having both negative and positive effects on them. That is a person living in an environment where there is access to health care, good drinking water, less risk of environmental pollution and radiation leads to good health with a positive effect as an outcome. On the other side, those living in environments where there is a poor access to healthcare, drinking contaminated water, exposure to environmental pollution and radiation lead to a bad health which is exactly the opposite of those living in good environment as said by (Carter and Slack, 2009). BIOLOGICAL FACTORS Furthermore, (Kozier et al, 2008) said that some of the biological factors that influence health are genetic makeup, age, sex and developmental level. In terms of genetic makeup, it can have an effect on the persons intellectual stage or activities and innate personality. This also can have negative features on a peoples health whereby they are prone to susceptible to particular diseases. Nevertheless, it was made known that people who are more susceptible to genetic diseases are mostly much greater in parents from the same ethnic genetic pool as said by (Kozier et al, 2008). For example in a family where there is a history of asthma or heart disease will by all means affect the other generations of that family. GENDER As stated by (Naidoo and Wills, 2009), gender also accounts for the factors which influences health. That is, women are more likely to report illness that men because most of these women are unlikely to be in full time employment. Women on the on the other side of the story tend to have more access to health care because they are anxious about their health and always want to stay healthy as compared to men whereas they only take less advantage of their health. According to biological explanations, women are more prone to infections and do gain from the protective effect of oestrogen that decreases the death rate of such infection in them. More so, it was further explained by the biological explanations that the female hormones and the reproductive system causes women to be responsible for both physical and mental health illness as described by (Naidoo and Wills, 2009). LIFESTYLE Kozier et al., (2008) argued that lifestyle also acts as a factor that influences the health of people which however does have both negative and positive result on the individual concerning their choice of living. This includes individuals having control over their lives in association to their behaviour or activities that involves living condition and sociocultural factors. For instance, eating healthily will help individual with their weight management even when they get older. Another example is how exercising is of a great benefit to the body. This is because exercise help decrease the risk of developing stroke, heart disease, prevents fractures and weak bones and also maintaining flexibility in the joints. This was further explained in terms of spiritual and religious beliefs as having impact on peoples life. For instance, (Kozier et al, 2008) gave a typical example in relation to the donation of blood by members of the Jehovah witnesses. This group of people avoids the donation of blood which is also against their beliefs because it is not written in the bible. DEFINITION OF HEALTH PROMOTION TALK ABOUT EDUCATION, TRAINING AND COUNSELING AS THE NURSES ROLE IN HEALTH PROMOTION Health promotion is defined as ways of allowing individuals to enhance control over their health as well as to improve it as defined by (WHO, 1986). It encompass various approaches including bio- medical, behavioural / life style and socio- environmental. Though critics have argued that behaviour / life style approach have various limitations including expect- led which is a top- down approach. For example the nurse led approach to the patient. Regardless of the above mention, Jackson (2007) states that the role of the nurse in health promotion is very essential because it lays emphasis on how the health care and the service provided are viewed. In terms of promoting health, it involves the nurse spending time to listen and to talk to their clients or patients. This involves taking the needs of their clients or patients into consideration using high level of communication skills. Ewles and Simnett (2003) said that through effective listening, the health promoter can help people to speak out their point of view as well indicating their needs and how they feel. This will enable them believe that they are being listened to. Effective listening is an important aspect of communication in terms of health promotion which includes eye contact, facial expression, posture or gesture indicating the feelings of clients. This helps the nurses to listen to their clients carefully without disruption. Through listening, the nurses are able to capture majority of what the clients have said. This enables them to confidently ask lots of open ended questions in order to demonstrate to them that they are being listened to as stated by Morrison and Burnard (1997). An example is a client not wanting to speak to the nurse attending to him because of the disease he has been diagnosed of. Through sympathizing and listening, the client will gain the confidence to speak to the nurse regarding his condition. Jackson (2007) again outlined that through health promotion, the clients are involved in making decision concerning their own health care. This is also a client centred which is based on the assessment of the needs of the clients by taking their point of view into consideration as well as valuing them. Moreover, Rose (2006) states that knowledge is being increased through health promotion which helps people change their behaviour. This is because each individual is responsible and making choices about their health without taking factors that may have influence on them such as socioeconomic factors. Hence, through health promotion, the nurse as a health promoter will give much information to the client in the form of leaflet and using different resources such as information from trusted web sites to educate the patient or client by talking it through with them or one to one basic in the form of counselling (Neis and McEwen, 2001). The client or patient together with his or her family will gain the knowledge about what they are being told which will lead them in making the choices about their health. For example, the nurse advising clients about healthy eating such as eating five a day and its benefit or the side effect of overeating, smoking and drinking. So after giving them all th ese information it is in the own interest of the client to either adopt a healthy lifestyle or not. It is the responsibility of the nurse practitioner as a health promoter or educator to form of a therapeutic or beneficial relationship between the nurse, community individuals and their families. Through this therapeutic relationship, the nurse is able to develop ideas, other nursing interventions and resources which will help facilitate empowerment (Neis and McEwen, 2001). For example, before a nurse can persuade a client to quit smoking, she must know what the effect of smoking is and explaining it to the clients in a simplify language with confidence. Advocacy is also an essential aspect of health promotion. This is where the nurse practitioner helps people especially vulnerable people who are disempowered within the society that cannot speak for themselves because of their disability or illness makes choices for their health. This is done via taking possible measures to help them become self empowered and independent (Elwles and Simnett, 2003). INTRODUCTION OF THE MODEL Narayan-Parker (2002) defines empowerment as shaping of peoples life through the enlargement of liberty of choice and action. There are two types of empowerment which are self empowerment and community empowerment. The self empowerment in terms of health promotion is based on counselling which includes non-directive measures and is a client centred approach with the goal of enabling people to be the controllers of their lives at a higher level. (MOVE THIS PARAGRAPH) There are lots of health promotion models but because of Jojos condition, the HAM developed by Tones in the 1970s will be used to assess Jojo falls under behavioural change model will be used to assess him. The behavioural change model recognises health as a possession of the individual being in charge of it by adopting the kind of lifestyle that they want to in order to maintain it. This is because the aim of this particular model is to persuade people to change their behaviour by adapting a better lifestyle which will help maintain their health as described by (Naidoo and Wills, 2009). The HAM as stated by (Squire, 2002) gives an idea as to why some people decide to change to healthier lifestyle whilst others may not by emphasising on the self concept of the individuals. The self concept includes self esteem which is how people feel about themselves and self image which is how they perceive themselves to be. (REF). Squire (2002) made it known that people with a high level of self e steem and self image are persuaded or enthused to adopt a healthier lifestyle. On the other side of the story, those with a low level of self concept may feel that they are less likely to adopt such lifestyle with no hope of doing so because they believe that they are not in control of their life but rather controlled by fate, chance or luck as described by (Squire, 2002). The HAM has identified different factors that influence the ability of people to change to a healthier lifestyle. These include psychological, social and environmental factor which indicates the likelihood of a person to change his or her behaviour by putting them into practice. However, there are other manipulating relating factors such as beliefs, motivation, normative and the self that works together to indicate the possibility of a persons intention of changing his or her health lifestyle (Green and Tones, 2010). The four manipulating factors which are beliefs, motivation, normative and the self factors will be elaborated on to access Jojo and his family. INTRODUCTION OF PATIENT, Upon using the Body Mass Index (BMI) calculation on my Jojo during a clinical practice as a student nurse, it was deduced that Jojo is overweight. Several questions were asked to ascertain the causes of his overweight. It was however noticed that, family lifestyle could play an important role in Jojo being obese. As a student nurse practitioner, it is therefore vital to promote initiatives that could help Jojo and his entire family to adapt good healthy practices. Various models do exist in health promotion to effect behaviour change (Naidoo and Wills 2000). In practical terms, any model for desired change must indicate what they are doing, why they are doing it, how they going to do it, its outcome and its side effects. Obesity is affecting not only developed countries but that of developing countries which has been a global concern and posses a great challenge to medical practitioners (Jackson-Leach and Lobstein, 2006). It is real that human beings cannot live without food, it is therefore essential to understand the effects that food has on the body of humans and knowing how to keep the body in a good health by eating a balanced diet. It is also essential to give the body whatever it needs knowing that the body needs nutrients to grow. It should be borne in mind that the choices of food have a long term effect or impact on the body. Eating a healthy diet can reduce the risk of illness such as obesity (Bupa, 2008). This is because most problems encountered by health practitioners is that of obesity especially in children leading to a negative effect in adulthood if the necessary means are not taken to prevent it from the onset. Childhood obesity is a condition where excess body fat negatively affects a childs health or wellbeing. (Wang, 2001). As stated earlier, obesity in childhood can lead to many other health complications that may even tend to indicate that that child will be obese later in adulthood. The techniques to determine body fats directly are difficult, though diagnosis of obesity is often based on Body Mass Index (BMI) (Hesketh, 2005). Due to the rising prevalence of obesity in children and its many adverse health effects it is being recognized as a serious public health concern. The term overweight rather than obese is often used in children as it is less stigmatizing. Obesity increases the risk of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes which is normally a disease seen in later life in adults. However, increasingly children in their teens are presenting with type 2 diabetes as a consequence of being obese. There are also marked psychological effects leading to low self-esteem which is how they feel about themselves. (Shahar, 2005) In the UK, around 27 per cent of children are now overweight and research suggests the main problem is a continual reduction in the amount of exercise children take. Many overweight children have overweight parents which is often a matter of family lifestyles (Shaya, 2008). Statistics do specify that there was 5.9% increase in obesity among children between the ages of 2 and 10 years from 1995 to 2002 (Department of Health, 2004). The trend of child obesity prevalence in the UK keeps increasing yearly. To effect a change therefore requires effective intervention based on evidence. Evidence based practice in recent times has attracted the attention of medical professionals as well as other health care practitioners about how the rate of obesity is increasing especially in children(Daly et al, 2007). Since the three system stated in HAM which are the beliefs system, motivation system and the normative are dimensionally linked together, each of these factors will first be defined before using it to access the patient and his family. The normative system described by (Green and Tones, 2000) is an influence by peoples expectation that leads others to act in agreement to the perception of others so that they would be liked by them. For example, This assignment has adapted behavioural change model to empower Jojo and his family to change their attitudes, beliefs and behaviour on their family lifestyle .Though, the theory of planned behaviour suggests that, the intention to perform a certain behaviour is influenced by the risks and rewards associated with that choice (Corcoran, 2007). This will be discussed in three sections which may be interconnected as described in HAM namely normative, cognitive and motivational system. CON + INTER Literature suggests that initiatives or interventions must acknowledge the needs of people and create a supportive and working environment which will aid an integration of their daily activities (Baric 1994) to influence behaviour change. Though, one way to promote health is to change behaviour by modifying individuals knowledge, beliefs and attitudes. However an increase in the knowledge acquired may not necessarily lead to behaviour change (Bandura, 2004).In behaviour change, the choice is with the individual (Corcoran, 2007), but Norms + INTER it can be facilitated by positive agents of behaviour change or influential people such as parents, teachers and etc, who may act as agents for behavioural change, influencing norms or customs usually as a result of direct exchanges and discussions (Turner, 1999). According to the conceptual theory, behaviour change like modifying knowledge works better when used in combination with other approaches such as empowerment and other factors (Pajares, 2004). Motivation Therefore positive agents when empowered might dispose high initiatives and exceptional interpersonal skills to enable them reach out to others (Turner, 1999). In Jojo case, the family will be empowered via training on healthy eating, habits, exercises and other skills which will help them achieve the planned goals. Management and intervention of obesity(talk abt what schools can do, change individual levels) Schools EVALUATION OF THE MODEL The evaluation of the HAM will be embarked on after the management and intervention which is concerned with a long term change. Hence, evaluation of this model will be the right of measuring the outcome of the interventions. As described by (Naidoo and Wills, 2000) it is hard to point out the long term outcomes to one intervention or model that adopts the behavioural change model. On the other hand, interventions applied by single organisations often affect the long term change because these interventions need to rely on many organisations in order to achieve something at a higher standard. Nevertheless, the nurse practitioner will work in collaboration with different organisations in order to help individuals change their lifestyle for a better outcome such as the school, dietician, social service, Due to Jojos condition and the familys situation, the nurse practitioner will have to assess Jojo using the HAM but must have to take into consideration some of the factors that may act as modifying factors. For example, peers pressure may act as an agent to undertake unhealthy diet and other perceived barriers such as lack of money or not having the time. Therefore, the nurse practitioner will be accountable for providing a program that will help overcome these factors because if the perceived barriers are not dealt with, then the participation will be less. However, to evaluate the HAM used to assessed Jojo, three types of the evaluation methods will be used namely process evaluation (i.e formative evaluation. The way things are done, monitoring of progress during program), impact evaluation (short term outcome, the impact of the intervention on the audience. Eg. Comments from the audience, peer group) and outcomes evaluation (i.e summative evaluation, measurement of challenge at the end of the program, measure the consequences, the long term effect of the intervention) The belief system is where the individuals belief that he or she is at risk of a particular condition and suspecting it as real. Becker (1974) a health belief model made it known that demographic variables such as susceptibility, seriousness, cost, benefits and cue to action are taken into consideration for behaviour changes. That is people are persuaded by the way they see themselves in such situation either it is a demand for them to fight or flight or an illness as well as how severe that situation is. More so, (Green and Tones, 2010) state that there is a relations between the belief and motivational system whereas beliefs are referred to as cognitive and how people make their own judgement about how an event is likely to happen which is known as the subjective probabilities. Apparently, Jojo is aware that his dad died of high blood pressure with obesity as being the cause. Now that Jojo himself is overweight and knowing that his life too is at risk and if such measures are not taken to help him changed to a better lifestyle, something different will come up. Looking at all these episodes surrounding his life, he will be tasked by these challenging beliefs to change to a healthy lifestyle. His mum on the side will also encourage him to change his eating habit and not Jojo alone will she encourage but the rest of her children as well. Nevertheless, the belief of an event likely to take place will cause the emotional state of the individuals or to give rise to the persons attitude of adhering to a particular action (Green and Tones, 2010). That is people with optimistic attitudes see both behavioural control and normative pressure above their behaviour will enable them to adopt a strong intention to change their behaviour. ( Fishbein and Ajzen 1975) The belief system will have effect on the persons self concept for taking such an action will all be considered by the person. This is because self concept links to the beliefs system indicating how people develop broad analysis about themselves. This includes their temperament, attitudes, abilities and beliefs. This is related to how people say and do and the way they understand feedbacks given to them by others (Plummer, 2005). This belief system will not only affect the persons self concept only but also on the self efficacy. This is described by the social cognitive theorist (Bandura, 1997) as ones ability to carry out a task in a way that will lead to a particular goal. Powell (2005) said that people build up self esteem as they grow older. Hence, self esteem is described as how people feel or perceive themselves which includes their way of looking, abilities to do things and relationships with others (Powell, 2005). Therefore, people with a high self esteem perceive and belief themselves to be important, worthy and feeling good about themselves with a positive self appraisal as stated by (Kasser, 2002). On the side of the story, how people feel about themselves can lead to poor coping of such demand. This is because (Kaaser, 2002) states that people with a low self esteem feel being unwanted, unloved, worthless, neglected and belittled. Furthermore, because Jojo is aware that he is overweight and in the position to change to a healthier lifestyle, his attitude towards that will lead to a strong emotional state that will empower him to adapt to that change as well as coming with a positive outcome. In Jojos case, It is suggested that people who have a strong and a permanent objective to change to a particular behaviour are motivated to take actions based on their intentions to do so. On the other hand, it was also manifested that though some individuals are extremely serious to change their behaviour, their intention to do so are not that strong to enable them fulfil that action. This is because for any action to be fulfilled, other factors act in association with it such as beliefs and poor emotional state which always make it difficult for some people to achieve the targeted action (Ajzen, 2005). Since Jojo is obese and is highly motivated to lose weight, the intention to do so must be in the form of meticulous information of how to put that intended action into practice. For example, the planning of this should include how to go about it like when to exercise or the quantity of food to be eaten daily and the variety. Other intended actions to be taken include walking to school instead of taking the bus. This on the other side will take time for him to get there thereby leading to a poor emotional state which will drive him to get the bus if his intentions are not strong to act on the targeted actions. The community and societal norms also play a major role in shaping the behaviour of people as well as having influence on them especially by those around them such as families, peers and friends. This is because (Anderson, 2004) said that community norms act as persuasive principles that show the actual things to and not to be done by the individuals which influences peoples health leading to a behaviour change. Social norms on the other side as stated by (Shanrma and Malhotra, 2007) helps people to know what acceptable and abnormal behaviours are. This is based an agreed behaviours established by members of that society acting as a strong influence on their social behaviour. Further to this, the theory of planned behaviour suggest that the intention of a person to act on his or her behaviour depends on normative system or beliefs which comprises of peers, parents, societal norms and close friends. Hence, the person wanting to change his or her behaviour will have to belief that these groups of people will agree or disagree with the intended behaviour to be carried out (Ajzen, 2005). It is this group of people which are normally refer to as behaviour change agents. Nevertheless, Tone and Tilford (2001), assertion that the way people view the national norms and their motivation in order to act to these norms will be less likely to be important than the norms or practice of their community and the associate motivation to comply to it. Unequivocally, for Jojo to take up this action, his mother acting as an agent can help persuade him to take up that action regardless of its side effect such as drive, where he will be feeling hungry and will be tempted to eat more to satisfy himself. His peers on the other hand of the story, because Jojo is being bullied by them because he is overweight, that alone will make him feel that he is overweight, which will intend motivate him to change his eating habit leading to a high self efficacy. According to .., those with a high self efficacy are capable of performing a given task such as exercising; dog walking, going to the gym and eating healthily in order to lose weight. However, those with a low self efficacy will be persuade not to take up that action because they feel they cannot make it and do not have the confidence to go about it. This will also lead to a low self esteem which is where that fellow sees or value him or herself to be. That is to be responsible for own feelings or emotions by own values about the self in order to carry out a particular task (Green and Tones, 2010). This could also be linked to the theory of planned behaviour developed by (Fishbein and Ajzen 1975) in association with HAM for behavioural change. On the other side of the story, families, peers, friends and other networks also act as a strong influence on the normative system. MANAGEMENT AND INTERVENTIONS OF OBESITY Various methods and interventions are being used to manage obesity in children. Goldfield and Epstein (2002) said that parents can be used as agents in tackling behaviour change in children. This is because it increases the chances of changing the environment as well as providing them with the necessary supports. This can also be termed as stimulus control whereby parents will be persuaded not to bring such food stuff into the house like foods high in fat or energy dense foods. This will not only help the child that they are trying to change his or her behaviour but also the other family members (Goldfield and Epstein, 2002). Nevertheless, adaptation of dietary intake, increasing physical activities and time spent on inactive behaviour should be reduced which will help prevent individuals from becoming overweight. More so, the amount of time spent watching television should be monitored and parents should see to it that they do not allow their children spend much time watching television as said by (McLennan, 2004). The ideas of (McLennan, 2004) can be supported by the view of (Rippe and Hess, 1998). Rippe and Hess (1998) said that physical activity plays a major role

To what extent is Joe’s influence a help or a hindrance to Pip’s :: Free Essay Writer

To what extent is Joe’s influence a help or a hindrance to Pip’s development? In Great Expectations, the character of Joe is portrayed upon the reader as the comical but also sensitive grown-up figure towards Pip. Much of Joe’s upbringing was simple. As a result he lacks the intelligence to question the moral values that he was taught as a child. â€Å"There’s one thing you may be sure of Pip, said Joe, after some rumination, namely that lies is lies. How sever they come, they didn’t ought to come, and they come from the father of lies, and work round to the same. Don’t you tell no more of ‘em Pip† Due to this he does not have the same moral dilemmas that most people have. Joe’s innocence is then passed onto Pip who is the closet thing to a son that he will ever have. This innocence that Joe aspires can be considered a good thing, which aids Pip’s moral development, but it can also be considered a hindrance to Pip’s personal growth and his self-esteem. In a way, much of the story comes across with Joe acting more like a child with Pip than a father. â€Å"I always treated him as a larger species of child, and as no more than my equal.† Because of Pip’s lack of proper parents when he was young and Joe’s lack of love from Mrs Joe Gargery, the two of them form a strong bond with each other as both of them share the same treatment by Mrs Joe Gargery. â€Å"Joe and I being fellow sufferers and having confidences as such, Joe imparted a confidence to me†¦Ã¢â‚¬  As a result of this bond Joe’s personality is then somehow absorbed by Pip as Pip portrays a typical childlike quality in which he is easily influenced by those around him. Joe’s influence to Pip can come across as a positive outlook on Pip as Pip learns to respect others and their wishes as well as himself, but also not to retaliate and lower himself to someone else’s level if they provoke him. â€Å"She says many hard things of you, yet you say nothing of her. What do you think of her? I don’t like to say, I stammered.† In this quote, Pip refuses to tell Miss Havisham what he thought of Estella, because he did not want to create any more tension than there already was. This then backs up my point as its illustrating Pip’s control over his emotions due to Joe’s influence over Pip’s social behaviour. On the other hand, Joe’s influence can also be established as a form

Enrolment System of Psu – Lingayen

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1. Background of the Study Computers are almost indispensable to most industries especially if it deals with voluminous records. Hence, in most academic institutions, the use of computers is an immense help in managing records and files. With the volume of files such as those from students’ records, finances, inventories, and others needed for its operation , the use of computer has made tasks simpler, faster and more efficient. Although most schools here in the Philippines have their computers, its functions are not fully maximized. Many still rely on the manual system of storing and retrieving files, thus in turn, make work laborious, time consuming, less efficient and requiring more manpower. The Pangasinan State University- Lingayen Campus currently uses the manual system of enrollment. For years, this system has been employed and has indeed been a tedious process on the part of the students as well as the staff in charged of enrollment. This entails the long process of filling up forms in three copies (student copy, accounts copy and registrar’s copy), class scheduling, assessment of fees, and issuance of student records. The continued adoption of this usual manual enrollment system has caused numerous errors, unnecessary delays, and has ultimately made the entire enrollment system a slow process to contend considering the influx of students each year. The design, development and implementation of EnrollmentAutomate: Pangasinan State University Computerized Enrollment System is introduced to address this long-standing slow process of enrollment. 2. Objectives of the Study This project study aims to design, develop and implement EnrollmentAutomate: Pangasinan State University Lingayen Campus Computerized Enrollment System. Specifically, the following statements will determine and describe: 1) the processes involved in the present system; 2) the situation regarded as unwelcome and needing to be dealt with and overcome; 3) a computerized solution to improve the current situation, taking into the account the task, purpose or specific activities as claimed by (a) registrar; (b) department heads; (c) campus executive officer. 3. Scopes and Delimitation The EnrollmentAutomate will be used by the Departments heads or the officer – in – charge for registration or assessing students during the enrollment period. It includes the enrolling of students, browsing of offered subjects, viewing the schedule and printing of the registration form where enrollment fees are included. In addition, some features which allows student to scan registration form, students enrolled, offered subject, schedule viewer, printing queue are included. 4. Significance of the Study The EnrollmentAutomate will give the Pangasinan State University-Lingayen Campus a better and well-organized flow of enrollment system. It will also make the work of the personnel in charge easy, fast, reliable cost and time efficient. Personnel. An increase productivity and minimized workload to be able to meet the other needs of the students. Students. An assurance for fast and accurate services provided by the university. 5. Definition of Terms Automate. It refers to the process of using technology to execute a task with less human action. Campus Executive Officer or Department Head. This is the person responsible for the admission of new enrollees, transferees, shifters and second – course enrollees. Enrollment. This refers to an act of recording the person’s information to the official record of Pangasinan State University. EnrollmentAutomate. It refers to the proposed computerized enrollment system for Pangasinan State University Lingayen Campus. Information. This refers to the collection of related data. Technology. It refers to the tools, machines, and instrument that can help people execute their task efficiently and effectively. CHAPTER II REVIEW RELATED LITERATURE A. Related literature Nowadays the computer is one of the most efficient IT machines being used in every schools, offices, factories, and even households that society need to make work easier and faster. In a manual system, records are filed with the aid of folders and envelopes and are stored in cabinets; whereas computer-base system deals with databases and database technology. Database is helpful in providing resources and ideas as an accurate basis of information regarding a problem. In school, it plays a vital role in student registration, class scheduling, and assessment of fees. Student registration is the first laborious task in the enrollment system. Using database will lessen the time of work for students and hasten the work of personnel-in-charge. Class Scheduling is a difficult task for the personnel, however, with the use of database time consumed to organize scheduling is minimized. Important functions of the database system include the ability to locate and access any item in the database, to sort the data records into a desired order, and to link database files. The database approach is designed to overcome many of the disadvantages of file processing system. Databases are designed from an organization-wide viewpoint to minimize data redundancy. Databases are managed by a commercial system called the Database Management System (DBMS) MySQL (Structured Query Language) is a standard data definition and manipulation language for relational databases. A popular command driven interface that allows users to access data from a database by using designated keywords and attribute names. B. Related Studies There are number of previous studies which are related to the study being conducted and one of them was designed for Pangasinan National High School (PNHS) an automated Student Enrollment System developed by July P. Dela Cruz et. al which provides efficient and maintainable system for enrollment. The PSU-Open University System’s Registration and Assessment System (PSU-OUS RAS), which was designed in Visual Basic 6. 0, was used to retrieve and update the information and reports regarding registration and assessment. The system was developed by Johnabel Calixtro et. al on March 2006. The San Fabian National High School Information System developed by Jennilyn C. de Luna et. al on March 2006 and was designed using Visual Basic Programming Language. The system aimed to help the school clerk in storing student and personnel records to lessen the difficulties in searching, viewing, processing of records and regenerating reports. The Polong National High School and Faculty Information System by Canave, Deo et. al was designed to automate and eliminate the manual way of filing records as well as preparing and generating accurate reports and information of the faculty of the said school in the fastest possible way. C. Theoretical Framework Implementation of computerized enrollment system will speed up the enrollment process. To provide quick access from needed data, and to process efficiently once located, databases have been derived for computer use. Database is a collection of data or information in a form that may be accessed by a computer in several ways. It may be loaded into a mainframe computer for network access within an individual or an organization, such as system in admission, enrollment, grading and cashier. Designing a database considers several important phase to pass through data definition, data refinement, and establishing relationship. The first phase is identifying the important attributes. It also involves detailed examination in order to determine exactly what kind of information will be stored in the database. Next is to refine the initial list to form an accurate description that will be needed in the database. The last phase is to draw a relationship between the fields that can help to determine which fields are important from the not so important. Manipulating a database includes such function as querying the database to retrieve specific data, updating the database to reflect changes in the mini world, and generating reports from the data. As stated by Philipp J. Pratt in his book â€Å"Database Management & Design,† A user at a terminal interacts with the environment through the use of logical transactions. A logical transaction, or simply, a transaction, is a user request to accomplish a single task. The application program processes the transaction by interacting with the DBMS on a logical record basis. CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY To come up with a better understanding and perception about the problems regarding the creation of the system, the proponent underwent some methods to gather important facts and details about the proposed enrollment system. First, the proponents conducted extensive interviews on the personnel-in-charge with the manual enrollment system. Thus, the proponents found out some problems encountered by the manual system. In addition, they also obtained some suggestions and supplement which may help them in processing enrollment and upgrading the system. The proponents also requested sample of enrollment form. A copy of the manual system that was once used by the administrator was also inquired into in order for them to better understand the processes involved in creating for an automated enrollment system. Lastly, as additional foundation to knowledge and resources, the proponents made some researches in the Internet and interviewed the registrar and students to gain some guidelines in creating the proposed system. The proponents researched about some helpful topics and codes which may help them in designing the system as well. Some related literatures regarding the study were also looked into and adopted some of these in creating the new system. A. Current System The existing processes are shown on figure A. 1. It illustrated the transactions being made by the student during the enrollment. It may note in existing enrollment system that the student must follow several steps to get enrolled. A student must determine the student type whether he/she is an old or new, then proceed filling up registration form. After filling up he/she selects subjects and schedule to enroll. After which, the enrollee go to faculty-in-charge for course check and assessment then proceeds to cashier. Permit Complete Permit Passed all Requirements Student InformationSubject Selected Pay Fees Fig. A. 1 Current System B. Context Data Flow Diagram The objective is to create a data flow model of the proposed system. The context diagram illustrates that it consists of several steps which provide the inputs into a system and receive outputs from the system. After the student must undergo with Admission System the enrollee must proceeds to enrollment process, first must passed all requirements like CET and interview. Then fill up pre enrollment form after that select subject, secondly go to personnel in charge for course check then the personnel-in-charge will encode to computer for assessment and verification. After getting the form proceeds to cashiering system. B. 1 Context Data Flow Diagram Bibliography Books Pratt, Philipp J. , A Guide to SQL (fifth edition). Ground Valley State University Unpublished Thesis Julio M. Cervantes, Implementation of a Computerized Enrollment System, Unpublished Masteral Thesis. Hannam University, Daejon, South Korea,February 2005 Vincent John P. Fernandez, et al, Pangasinan State University OUS Registration & Assessment System. Unpublished Undergraduate Thesis. PSU-CAST, Lingayen, Pangasinan,March 2006 Jennilyn C. de Luna et al, San Fabian National High School Information System. Unpublished Undergraduate Thesis. PSU-CAST, Lingayen, Pangasinan,March 2006 Deo Canave et. l, The Polong National High School and Faculty Information System. Unpublished Undergraduate Thesis. PSU-CAST, Lingayen, Pangasinan. March 2005 ———————– Cleared Permit Student New Student Fill up Registration Form Checked Registration Form Course Check Subject Select Assessment Cashier Student Applicant EnrollmentAutomate Old Student New Student CET passers slip Passed Interview bsb Fill up Pre-enrollment form Clearance Permit Fill up Pre-enrollment form Files Assessment Select subject by Department Select subject by Department Course Check Course Check